炸锅了：中国80多家央企“一把手”薪酬公开

 炸锅了：中国80多家央企“一把手”薪酬公开

www.creaders.net | 2026-01-14   万维读者网

1月14日，中国国务院国资委网站通过提供各中央企业薪酬信息披露网页链接的方式，披露了所监管的80多家央企负责人2024年度薪酬信息。相关数据迅速在网络上传播，并登上多个平台热搜榜单。这份名单涵盖能源、金融、通信、交通等关键行业，被视为近年来较为完整的一次央企高管薪酬集中公开。

根据中国国务院国资委官网公布的信息，多数央企负责人2024年度“应付薪酬”集中在70万至100万元人民币之间，整体水平并未突破百万元大关。其中，中国石油天然气集团董事长戴厚良年薪约97.85万元，中国海洋石油集团董事长汪东进约96.69万元，中国石化董事长马永生约93.55万元，位居前列。

官方强调，此次披露属于制度化信息公开的一部分，旨在提高透明度、回应社会关切。从数字本身来看，不少网友直言“低于预期”。在长期“央企高管高收入”的刻板印象下，这份榜单反而让不少人感到意外。

相关话题很快冲上中文网络热搜，评论区呈现出明显分化。一部分声音认为，这些薪酬与央企体量、行业地位并不完全匹配，甚至“还不如部分互联网公司中层管理者”；也有人指出，应付薪酬只是账面数据，是否包含补贴、福利、企业年金等仍存在信息盲区。

与此同时，也有观点认为，在当前中国经济承压、就业和收入话题高度敏感的背景下，集中公布央企负责人薪酬，客观上有助于缓解部分社会情绪，至少在数字层面显示出“并未明显脱离大众认知”。

一些财经评论人士指出，此类披露本身就是舆论事件。薪酬高或低，都会引发讨论，但真正引发关注的，是公众对“收入分配是否公平”“权责是否对等”的长期疑问。在经济放缓、地方财政吃紧的大环境下，央企作为国家经济的重要支柱，其内部治理和激励机制自然更容易被放在放大镜下审视。

有海外观察人士认为，与其争论数字本身，不如关注这种信息公开是否能够持续，以及是否会逐步扩展到更多层级和更多领域。这份薪酬名单，既是一组数字，也是一面观察制度运行与社会情绪的窗口。

这些央企负责人的具体薪酬数字可前往中国国资委官方公告页面查看

我已经在美国实现了财富自由

 阳下的蓝帽花 |

相信很多人看到这个标题，都会点进来看一看，包括你。

因为大家都太想财富自由了。

可是，我这里说的财富自由，可能不是你们所理解的那样，钱多得花不完：上千万的别墅想买就买，二十多万的爱马仕堆满了一屋子，节假日乘私人飞机满世界跑……

而是觉得，我几乎已经没有在自己能力范围之外的物质欲望了，能买得起的可以随时买，买不起的我也不稀罕。

首先，我们有了一栋足够大且可以遮风挡雨的独立屋，也就是国内说的别墅，套内面积300多平米，后院300多平米。虽然是个二手房，但装修的还算比较精致，当年我也是一眼相中。

当然，几乎身边所有的华人邻居们都比我们有钱，他们的房子，也许更大，更新，还有好几栋，但那是他们能力强，会挣钱，还有的原生家庭就是富裕阶层，我们比不了。

跟我小时候的住房条件相比，我已经非常满足。

在我上高中之前，我和爸妈还有妹妹，一家四口，挤在爸爸单位筒子楼的两个拼起来的单间里，住了很多年。

后来我家自己买地盖了房子（那时候还没有商品房），我和妹妹才拥有了共同的一个房间。

我工作之后，也是住所在高校的筒子楼，一个单间，大约二十平米。我特别喜欢，只是上厕所和洗澡不太方便。

现在的大别墅，夏有空调，冬有暖气，三个卫生间，随时可以洗热水澡，还有单独的衣帽间，超多的收纳柜……

还有什么不满意的呢？

还有一辆车，不算很好，但也不差，是Infinity X60，开了很多年了，我很喜欢的车型，黑色的，很漂亮。

当时买的时候是近四万美金，但这个车型在国内买，到手估计得六七十万人民币吧？现在可能更贵。

我不确定，懂车的朋友可以告诉我一下。

还有一辆斯巴鲁的Outback，当时买的时候也是特别实惠，只花了2.5万美金，可惜之前出车祸报废了。

如果再买新车，我们想尝试一下最前卫最流行的特斯拉，也享受享受科技时代的红利。

刚来美国的时候，对美国的名牌包包、护肤品化妆品还有耳环项链之类的非常感兴趣。

现在已经基本上都祛媚了。

那些很贵很重的皮包，背起来很累，现在讲究轻松舒适，于是买了一个100多美金的珑瓖帆布包，把以前的那些包都给扔了（当然，我也没买过什么特别贵的奢侈品包包，觉得没有必要）。

自从医美开始盛行，觉得护肤品化妆品基本上就没有太大意义了，你抹十年的海蓝之谜可能还不如一次拉皮。

现在对我来说，用清水洗完脸擦点香香就算是护肤，画个眉毛就算是化妆了，反正我看电视里的那些跟我同龄的大明星，并不见得比我显得年轻。

至于医美，迄今只做过绣眉毛这一项，别的不想做也不会去做。

就让我跟我的偶像奥黛丽赫本一样，优雅地老去吧！

项链耳环之类的买了也懒得带，除非盛大的场合，但对我来说这个可能性很小很小，也不用再买了。

说到衣服，经过这几年疯狂的断舍离又疯狂的买买买，现在衣橱里陈列的都是自己很喜欢和不舍得扔的衣服，估计有近百件，真的是有点多。

貌似各个季节各种款式的衣服都不缺，不需要再添置，除非有特别好看的哈哈。

2026年的愿望是继续淘汰20-30件不常穿和不想穿的衣服。

对美国家庭来说，医疗保险费用的支出占很大比例。

但它最大的好处就是大病兜底。

只要你满足了自付费用，不管多少，都是保险公司承担。

就是说如果你得了大病，医疗费哪怕几百万美金，你也只需要付自己的那部分（我们家是8000美金）。

还是比较有保障的。

没有保险的情况很复杂，今天不一一阐述。

我年轻的时候，那也是个不折不扣的旅游达人。

不仅自己喜欢玩，还喜欢组织朋友们一起玩。

大学时带我们寝室室友去老家九华山玩，其中一个抽到一支关于工作的上上签，结果竟然实现了，也是神奇……

研究生时在上海，每个月国补➕校补➕兼职所得有1000多块钱，有钱又有闲，更是撒开了玩。

曾经组织几个在上海的大学同学去上海郊区淀山湖和朱家角，还去过苏州……我离开之后，他们就再也没有相聚一起出去玩过了。

工作后，带同事去凤凰，带闺蜜去厦门……那时候真是精力旺盛。

我不仅爱玩，还会拍照，每次都把别人拍得好看，所以女生都愿意跟我一起玩。

(我镜头下的朋友们↑)

但不知怎么，现在对旅游没有那么大的兴趣了。

可能是因为年纪大了，体力变差，也或者是心态的变化。

比起到各个景点打卡，有时候甚至更愿意待在酒店，不用赶路，不用做饭，刷刷手机、看看书、晒晒太阳，也是很好的休息。

有机会还是想出去看一看，只是没有那么迫切，所以也算是省钱了。

其实，所谓的财富自由与否，完全取决于你的需要（或欲望）。

打个比方，假设马斯克现在手上有一亿美金，但他做项目需要十个亿，那这肯定不是财富自由，而是缺得太多。

又比如闫学晶说她的儿子一年只能挣三四十万，却非要去过百八十万的生活，那就更是自不量力。

在能力范围内，挣到的钱足以满足自己的需要，这就是某种程度上的财富自由呀。

贪心不足，永远得不到真正的自由。

当然，这只是我的理解，不代表他人。

但所有的财富自由，都不及心灵上的自由。

梵高生前无人问津，但他创造的艺术星空，闪耀在无数世人的心中。

曹雪芹穷困潦倒，但他用笔墨铸就的红楼梦境，又引得多少男女痴醉其中，不愿醒来。

心灵的自由，才是最高境界。

自由之上，再无价值。

美国的house比中国村里自建房还是要好一点点的

 在我之前那篇爆火的文章《突然发现，我已经在美国实现了财富自由。》里，提到自己的房子时，因为考虑到国内大多数读者没有听过“独立屋”这个概念，就用了大家喜闻乐见的“别墅”这个词，意思是单门独院的房子，以此来区别于国内常见的商品房或者公寓楼。

结果引起了轩然大波。有人提出我那不能叫“别墅”，因为别墅的意思是在自己用来居住的住所之外，特意为休闲娱乐而建造的房屋。如果是用来居住，就不能叫别墅。

我跟他解释了如文章第一段所说我为什么采用“别墅”这个词的原因。并且，他说的这个含义，是最古老的定义，而不是现在已经演变了的大众喜闻乐见的那个含义。

我一个闺蜜，20年前结婚时就在老家当地买了一栋一楼一底、单门独院的房子，装修也不错，我们去她家玩，都说“你的别墅好漂亮呀”，没有人会指出你这房子是用来居住的，不能叫别墅……

更有意思的是，他说不仅你的房子不能叫别墅，最多只能类比于中国农村的自建房，不过自建房也是砖瓦水泥的，比你的木头房子强。

说得我的小心肝啊，真是拔凉拔凉的，但还是隐隐觉得，这配不上叫别墅的独立屋，可能还是有那么一点点相对于中国农村的自建房的好处的，你们听听是不是有点道理？

我不做对比，只做陈述，不然又有可能被骂……

第一，美国的独立屋，名义上是永久产权，当然你必须按时缴纳房产税和物业费；也可以传给你的子孙后代，在依法缴纳遗产税的前提下。

毕竟在美国，只有死亡和纳税是无法避免的。

第二，美国的独立屋，不管多少钱买的，拿到手的时候，已经不是毛坯房，而是精装修：地板或地毯铺好，全屋中央空调，并配置烤箱、洗碗机、微波炉，窗户一般是百叶窗。

（图：美国德州中产独立屋内部）

因为美国房子使用的都是环保材料，没有甲醛，住户拿到房子后，只需要购置必需的家具，如床、沙发、冰箱彩电、洗衣机烘干机，就几乎可以拎包入住了。

面积一般都比较大，以德克萨斯为例，一家四口基本上都会购买套内2500-3000平方英尺（平方米=平方英尺×0.09290304）以上的房子，这还不包括车库和院子（一般来说院子至少也有1000平方英尺以上）。

第三，建筑材料确实是木头，因为美国木材资源丰富，价格便宜，这样有利于降低房屋成本，减轻买家经济压力，同时在地震多发区，也是有效的防震措施。

但是，用来建造房屋的木头并不是普通木头，而是经过防火防潮和防虫蛀处理的，与石膏板结合，冬暖夏凉，结构稳定，耐用性强。很多房子经过一百年还能修修补补，祖祖辈辈地住下去。

第四，我们购买一栋房子，不仅仅是购买房子本身，而也应该包括周围能获取到的资源和服务。贫困山区和繁华都市，即使一模一样的房子，价格也可能差了十倍、几十倍不止吧？

美国的独立屋，因为你缴纳了房产税，所以周围的很多资源，包括图书馆、中小学、大量的公园、游乐场和球场，都是可以免费使用的，不用再花一分钱。

（图：美国德州中产小区环境）

我家门口就是个比较大的公园，平时傍晚有很多中小学生，在教练的带领下，进行各种体育运动，网球、篮球、足球、橄榄球……相当热闹。

很多中小学就在小区内，步行就能到达。比如我家附近的中学和小学，走过去都只需要五分钟。

如果无法步行到达的比较远的距离，市政会安排校车，免费接送。

学校提供午餐，价格不贵，穷人家的孩子则是免费。

第五，以我家为例，周围的生活资源也是比较丰富非常方便的。开车五分钟就能到沃尔玛，十分钟到HEB，十五分钟到COSTCO；十五分钟车程之内的大大小小的mall里有饭店、理发店、面包店、牙医诊所、健身馆、急诊室……应有尽有。

并且整个德州的医疗水平在美国算是非常高的。能享受到一流的医疗服务，对普通人来说，也是非常重要的方面。

第六，在美国，投资房产也是一种常见的理财方式，用房子来增加收益，使生活更多一份保障。自己买的房子，住了几年，还能卖出更高的价格，何乐而不为呢？特别是学区好的小区，更是大受欢迎。

写了这么多，不为炫耀，只想争辩一下美国的独立屋比中国农村的自建房还是要好那么一点点的，安抚一下自己那受伤的心灵，然后继续开始普通人的生活……

但不管是什么样的房子，都只是用来承载我们的肉身，满足基本的物质需求而已，而不是用来攀比，满足虚荣心。

每个人都有权选择自己喜欢的生活方式，不用在意别人的眼光。

乱局随时到！囤黄金到底有没有用？

 三疯|Future Media/黄金不是投资，是你给这个荒谬世界投的反对票

引子：钱的谎言

在开启这个“金融常识”系列之前，三疯必须先要把大家脑子里关于“钱”的概念，像格式化硬盘一样，彻底清空。

我们大多数人，终其一生都在追求那个印着数字的纸片（人民币、美元）。

我们以为那就是财富。

错了。那只是“通货”（Currency），那不是“钱”（Money）。

记住这个常识，这是一切真正金融和投资学习的基础。

而要理解两者的区别，我们要从人类历史上最古老、最诚实、也最被低估的资产——黄金说起。

为什么说买黄金不是为了赚钱？深度解析黄金的货币本质与避坑指南。它是你给法币世界投的反对票。

一、黄金的孤独：五千年的寂寞王者

如果把金融资产比作一个班级：

股票是那个成绩好但情绪不稳定的学霸；

房产是那个家里有矿但行动迟缓的胖子；

债券是那个唯唯诺诺、听老师（政府）话的班长。

而黄金，是那个坐在角落里，五千年来一言不发，冷眼旁观所有人的老baby。

我们要知道，黄金最大的价值，就在于它的“无用”和“独立”。

它不是谁的负债（股票是公司的负债，债券是国家的负债，纸币是央行的负债）。

它不需要任何人的信用背书（纸币需要政府不倒台），需要央行不超发。

它在地球几乎任何一个角落、任何一个历史时期（哪怕是乱世），都能换来基本的生存所需，还有尊严。

二、巴菲特的傲慢与偏见

在投资界，黄金有一个著名的“死敌”，那就是股神巴菲特。

巴菲特曾多次在公开场合嘲笑黄金。他有一个著名的比喻：

“如果你把全世界的黄金都收集起来，可以铸成一个长宽高各68英尺的立方体。你可以站在梯子上抚摸它，但它不会给你任何回应。”

在最近这波黄金牛市之前，我相信很多人也瞧不起黄金。

巴菲特的逻辑似乎无懈可击：

不产生现金流：黄金不会生息，不会分红。

无用之物：除了做首饰和少量的工业用途，它没有任何生产力。

博傻游戏：你买它，只是赌下一个人会用更高的价格接盘。

巴菲特说错了吗？没有。

在“和平与繁荣”的周期里，在“法币信用良好”的时代里，在“生产力爆炸”的岁月里，持有黄金确实是愚蠢的。因为你会完美错过像可口可乐、苹果这样伟大公司的成长。

但是，巴菲特的理论有一个巨大的前提：

世界必须是“正常”的。

也就是：政府守信用，央行不乱印钞，地缘无战争，契约被尊重。

所以，巴菲特和我们最大的不同：他所处的美国和过去的这个时代的“高度稳定性”和发展的“确定性”，他在这个时代并没有生存和绝对避险的压力。问题是，今天的我们，所面临的处境，和他一样吗？

翻开人类五千年的历史，你会发现：“正常”只是短暂的插曲，“混乱”才是永恒的主旋律。

当罗马帝国的银币含银量从90%跌到5%时，当魏玛共和国的人民拿一推车马克去买面包时，当金圆券在上海滩变成废纸时。

那些曾经嘲笑黄金“无用”的人，最后都不得不跪下来求它救命。

黄金，就是那个在和平年代被学霸（巴菲特）嘲笑的差生，但在学校着火时，只有他知道灭火器在哪里。

三、为什么央行一边印钞，一边囤金？

这是一个巨大的讽刺。

世界各国的央行行长，在公开场合统统都会告诉你：黄金是野蛮的遗迹，法币才是现代文明的基石。

但转过身，他们在干什么？

他们在当下疯狂地买入黄金。中国央行、俄罗斯央行、甚至波兰、土耳其……全球央行正在以几十年来最快的速度囤积黄金。

因为他们比谁都清楚：他们发行的纸币，终将不断贬值，归零。

这在历史上发生过无数次：罗马的银币、宋朝的交子、魏玛共和国的马克、民国的金圆券、津巴布韦币……

所有法币的终局，都是因为政府管不住印钞的手，而变成废纸。

法币的平均寿命只有27年，而黄金的寿命已经几千年。

、买黄金，本质上是在买“看跌期权”

很多人问我：“三疯，现在的金价这么高，买了还能赚多少？”

当你问出这个问题时，你还是在用“法币思维”思考。

你不是在买黄金，你只是在卖法币。

现在的金价上涨（比如突破5500美元），不是因为黄金变得更值钱了（它还是一块金属），而仅仅只是因为美元和人民币变得更不值钱了。

你买入黄金，本质上是在做空全球央行的节操。

你在赌：这帮政客为了还债、为了打仗、为了收买选票，一定会毫无底线地开动印钞机。

只要是这个赌局，几千年来，黄金还没输过。

它是你在给这个荒谬的、充满泡沫的、债务堆积如山的法币世界，投下的一张“不信任票”。

五、实操指南：别买错了“船票”

既然黄金是诺亚方舟的船票，那你得保证你买的是真票，不是画在纸上的票。

绝对不要买：首饰金

周大福、老凤祥里的金项链，那是工艺品。一克溢价100-200元，买到手就亏20%，30%。乱世里，典当行只认克重，不认你的做工。

谨慎购买：纸黄金/银行积存金

你在银行 APP上买的黄金，本质上是银行欠你的黄金。如果在和平年代，这没问题，流动性好，无需自己存储。

但在极端情况下（比如大规模挤兑、系统性金融危机、甚至战争导致的断网），你账户里的那一串数字，可能完全无法兑现成实物。

所以没有物理交割能力的黄金，本质上就是一张欠条，一张废纸。

正确姿势：实物金条+现货 ETF作为底仓（30%）：买入投资金条（溢价极低的那种），锁在你自家的保险柜里，或者埋在院子里。这是你最后的防线，是留给孙子的。

作为交易（70%）：买入流动性好的黄金 ETF（如美股的 GLD/IAU，A股的黄金ETF）。这是为了在通胀初期，方便变现去抄底其他廉价资产（如崩盘后的核心房产）。

六、结语

不要再祈祷黄金继续大涨了。

因为黄金的不断暴涨，通常意味着世界已经越来越乱，变局随时会发生。

那是我们都无法想象和不愿看到的景象。

但作为成年人，我们必须手里有点这玩意。

但愿你永远拥有它，但愿你永远用不上它。

Acknowledgements

 Acknowledgements

Writing a book, especially on a topic as complicated as this, is hard.

I couldn’t have done it without Joe Zigmond, my brilliant editor. It would be a lie to say I was excited when I saw his first feedback, but hiswisdom has made the book immeasurably better. It’s been a privilege working together and I’ve learned a great deal. In the finalmonths of writing, when words seemed to assume a daunting finality, Lauren Howard’s sharp ideas were tremendously helpful. I’malso thankful to Siam Hatzaw for guiding me through the publication process.

Talking to practitioners and activists has been exceedingly useful. To the government officials, thank you for trusting me. To those whohave stood up against overwhelming cruelty at great personal risk: you are the inspiration that allows the rest of us to believe in a betterworld.

The book has benefited hugely from the expertise of many authorities on their subjects, who have talked to me about everything from theeconomics of dictatorship to the Parthian Empire and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. I am grateful to Allard Duursma, Curtis Bell,Seva Gunitsky, Kristen Harkness, Joseph Wright, Daron Acemoglu, Erica Frantz, Nicholas Miller, Jake Nabel, Ian Garner, AleksandrHerasimenka, Clayton Besaw, Agathe Demarais, Anton Barbashin and Larry Diamond.

I’d also like to mention the following, who have provided invaluable advice and encouragement. A special thank you to: SalvatorCusimano, Anchalee Rüland, Jürgen Brandsch, Livia Puglisi, Caspar Schliephack, Dinah Elisa Kreutz, Reid Standish, Julia Zulver, NicCheeseman, Oliver Moody, Imre Gelens, Inga Kristina Trauthig, Rowan Hamill-McMahon, Philip Mühl, Victor Cruz Aceves, Michael Jacobi,Dave Wakerley and my doctoral supervisor Christian Martin. None of this would have been possible without David Landry and Brian Klaas.

My biggest debt of all is owed to friends and family. Thank you for everything.

OceanofPDF.com

Notes

Introduction: The Golden Gun

1. Oriana Fallaci, Interview with History, Liveright, 1976, p. 267.

2. For more information about Gaddafi’s time in Paris, see Isabelle Gautier, ‘Quand Paris recevait Kadhafi en grande pompe’, FranceTélévisions, 6 April 2015, and David Pujadas, ‘Interview du colonel Kadhafi’, France 2, 11 December 2007.

3. ‘Gaddafi absolviert das Touristenprogramm’, Welt, 15 December 2007.

4. Alex Duval Smith, ‘Gaddafi Ups Tent, to Relief in Paris’, New Zealand Herald, 16 December 2007.

5. Helena Bachmann, ‘Gaddafi’s Oddest Idea: Abolish Switzerland’, Time, 25 September 2009.

6. Daniel Nasaw and Adam Gabbatt, ‘Gaddafi Speaks for More Than an Hour at General Assembly’, Guardian, 23 September 2009.

7. ‘Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered’, Human Rights Watch, 27 June 2012.

8. Ulf Laessing, Understanding Libya Since Gaddafi, Hurst, 2020, p. 29.

9. ‘Inside Gaddafi’s Bunker – in Pictures’, Guardian, 26 August 2011.

10. Alex Thomson, ‘Inside Gaddafi’s Secret Tunnels’, Channel 4 News, 30 August 2011,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3Nng9dHFLw

11. Sue Torton, ’Inside a Gaddafi Compound in Tripoli’, Al Jazeera English, 21 September 2011,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fuAYeZE-b2U

12. ‘Libya Protests: Second City Benghazi Hit by Violence’, BBC, 16 February 2011,https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12477275

13. Mark Memmott, ‘Gadhafi Blames “Rats” and Foreign “Agents”; Says He Will be a “Martyr” ’, National Public Radio, 22February 2011,https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2011/02/22/133960871/gadhafi-blames-rats-and-foreign-agents-says-he-will-be-a-martyr

14. ‘Muammar Gaddafi Remains Defiant’, Al Jazeera, 22 February 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wElsHiTcz-4

15. ‘Timeline – Libya’s Uprising Against Muammar Gaddafi’, Reuters, 31 May 2011,https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-libya-events-idUKTRE74U3NT20110531/

16. Kevin Sullivan, ‘A Tough Call on Libya That Still Haunts’, Washington Post, 3 February 2016.

17. ‘Libya: UN Backs Action Against Colonel Gaddafi’, BBC, 18 March 2011, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12781009

18. Associated Press, ‘Coalition Launches Military Action Against Libya’, France 24, 19 March 2011,https://www.france24.com/en/20110319-coalition-takes-military-action-against-libya

19. Kareem Fahim, ‘In His Last Days, Gaddafi Wearied of Fugitive’s Life’, New York Times, 22 October 2011.

20. Martin Chulov, ‘Gaddafi’s Last Moments: “I Saw the Hand Holding the Gun and I Saw it Fire” ’, Guardian, 20 October 2012.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. For more information on the gun, see Gabriel Gatehouse, ‘My Search for Gaddafi’s Golden Gun’, BBC, 3 February 2016.

24. Fahim, ‘In His Last Days’.

25. Barry Malone, ‘Gaddafi Body Handed to NTC Loyalists for Burial’, Reuters, 25 October 2011.

26. Author’s calculations based on Henk Goemans, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch and Giacomo Chiozza, ‘Introducing Archigo’s: ADataset of Political Leaders’, Journal of Peace Research 46, no. 2 (2009), p. 275.

27. Barbara Geddes, Joseph Wright and Erica Frantz, ‘Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions: A New Data Set’, Perspectiveson Politics 12, no. 2 (2014), p. 321.

28. David Smith, ‘Congo TV Talkshow Stormed by Armed Intruders’, Guardian, 30 December 2011.

29. Ibid.

30. Peter Fabricius, ‘DRC’s Mukungubila: A “Prophet” Stuck Down in a Nowhere Land, Just Where Kabila Wants Him’, DailyMaverick, 28 May 2017.

31. Winston Churchill, ‘The Lights Are Going Out (We Must Arm), 1938’, America’s National Churchill Museum, 16 October 1938.

32. Elisabeth Bumiller, ‘Was a Tyrant Prefigured by Baby Saddam?’, New York Times, 15 May 2004.

33. For more on Mao’s early years, see Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story, Jonathan Cape, 2005.

34. Political scientist Joseph Wright, interviewed by the author, 24 May 2023.

35. Adam Przeworski, ‘Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy’, in Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitterand Laurence Whitehead (eds), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, vol. III, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986 cited in BarbaraGeddes, Joseph Wright and Erica Frantz, How Dictatorships Work, Cambridge University Press, 2018, p. 185.

36. For a full discussion of varying definitions of regime see Geddes, Wright and Frantz, ‘Autocratic Breakdown and RegimeTransitions’, pp. 314–16.

37. For Schefke’s book with the same name, see Siegbert Schefke, Als die Angst die Seite wechselte, Transit, 2019.

38. Marat Gurt, ‘Turkmenistan to Move Gold Statue’, Reuters, 3 May 2008,https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkmenistan-statue-idUSL0355546520080503/

39. Justin McCurry, ‘North Korea Executes Officials with Anti-Aircraft Gun in New Purge – Report’, Guardian, 30 August 2016.

40. Colm O’Regan, ‘The Rise of Inflated Job Titles’, BBC, 17 July 2012, https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18855099

41. Bastian Herre, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina and Max Roser, ‘Democracy’, Our World in Data, 2013,https://ourworldindata.org/democracy

42. ‘Growth in United Nations Membership’, United Nations, https://www.un.org/en/about-us/growth-in-un-membership#1945

43. Milan W. Svolik, The Politics of Authoritarian Rule, Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 25.

44. Herre, Ortiz-Ospina and Roser, ‘Democracy’.

45. See Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, Free Press, 1992.

46. See, for example, Michaela Wrong, Do Not Disturb, Fourth Estate, 2021.

47. John Pomfret and Matt Pottinger, ‘Xi Jinping Says He Is Preparing China for War’, Foreign Affairs, 29 March 2023.

48. Geddes, Wright and Frantz, ‘Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions’, p. 327.

Chapter 1: The Dictator’s Treadmill

1. Howard W. French, ‘A Personal Side to War in Zaire’, New York Times, 6 April 1997.

2. Richard Engel, ‘There is Something I call the Dictator’s Treadmill’, Twitter (renamed ‘X’), 25 October 2019,https://x.com/RichardEngel/status/1187520692738240513?s=20

3. ‘Median Wealth in the US Congress from 2008 to 2018, by Chamber’, Statista, 3 November 2023,https://www.statista.com/statistics/274581/median-wealth-per-member-of-us-congress-by-chamber/

4. ‘Boris Johnson Earns Nearly £1m in One Month – and Matt Hancock’s I’m a Celeb Fee Revealed’, Sky News, 27 January 2023,https://news.sky.com/story/boris-johnson-earns-nearly-1m-in-one-month-in-outside-earnings-bringing-his-total-since-2019-to-2-3m-12796180

5. ‘Country Profile’, World Bank, 2023, https://pip.worldbank.org/country-profiles/TKM

6. ‘The World Bank in Turkmenistan’, World Bank, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/turkmenistan/overview

7. See ‘The Personality Cult of Turkmenbashi’, Guardian, 21 December 2006.

8. Robert G. Kaiser, ‘Personality Cult Buoys “Father of All Turkmen” ’, Washington Post, 8 July 2002.

9. Gulnoza Saidazimova, ‘Turkmenistan: Where is Turkmenbashi’s Money?’, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 19 November 2007.

10. The depiction of Asel’s story here is mostly based on Abdujalil Abdurasulov, ‘Kazakhstan Unrest: “If You Protest Again, We’ll KillYou” ’, BBC, 21 January 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-60058972

11. Andrew Roth, ‘Kazakhstan President Nazarbayev Steps Down After 30 Years in Power’, Guardian, 19 March 2019.

12. Almaz Kumenov, ‘Kazakhstan: Street Named After President (Predictably)’, eurasianet, 30 November 2017.

13. Guy Faulconbridge, ‘West Must Stand Up to Russia in Kazakhstan, Opposition Leader Says’, Reuters, 7 January 2022,https://www.reuters.com/world/exclusive-west-must-stand-up-russia-kazakhstan-dissident-former-banker-says-2022-01-07/

14. Joanna Lillis, ‘Who Really is Kazakhstan’s Leader of the Nation?’, eurasianet, 25 October 2019,https://eurasianet.org/who-really-is-kazakhstans-leader-of-the-nation

15. Alexander Gabuev and Temur Umarov, ‘Turmoil in Kazkahstan Heralds the End of the Nazarbayev Era’, Carnegie Endowment forInternational Peace, 10 January 2022, https://carnegiemoscow.org/commentary/86163

16. Vyacheslav Abramov and Ilya Lozovsky, ‘Oliver Stone Documentary About Kazakhstan’s Former Leader Nazarbayev WasFunded by a Nazarbayev Foundation’, Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, 10 October 2022,https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/sidebar/oliver-stone-documentary-about-kazakhstans-former-leader-nazarbayev-was-funded-by-a-nazarbayev-foundation

17. Paolo Sorbello, ‘Kazakhstan’s Parliament Aims to Take Away Nazarbayev’s Privileges’, The Diplomat, 28 December 2022,https://thediplomat.com/2022/12/kazakhstans-parliament-aims-to-take-away-nazarbayevs-privileges/

18. Abramov and Lozovsky, ‘Oliver Stone Documentary’.

19. Anatolij Weisskopf and Roman Goncharenko, ‘A New Era for Kazakhstan’s Reelected President?’, Deutsche Welle, 21 November2022, https://www.dw.com/en/new-era-for-kazakhstans-reelected-president/a-63822032

20. Tom Burgis, ‘Nazarbayev and the Power Struggle Over Kazakhstan’s Future’, Financial Times, 13 January 2022.

21. Barbara Geddes, Joseph Wright and Erica Frantz, ‘Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions: A New Data Set’, Perspectiveson Politics 12, no. 2 (2014), p. 321.

22. Cecile Mantovani, ‘Swiss Reject Initiative to Ban Factory Farming’, Reuters, 25 September 2022,https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/swiss-course-reject-initiative-ban-factory-farming-2022-09-25/

23. Geddes, Wright and Frantz, ‘Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions’, p. 321.

24. This scenario is based on the argument of Kristen A. Harkness in her When Soldiers Rebel, Cambridge University Press, 2018, pp.171-2.

25. Daniel Treisman, ‘Democracy by Mistake: How the Errors of Autocrats Trigger Transitions to Freer Government’, AmericanPolitical Science Review 114, no. 3 (2020), 792–810.

26. Agence France-Presse, ‘Argentina’s Dictatorship Dug its Own Grave in Falklands War’, France 24, 30 March 2022,https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220330-argentina-s-dictatorship-dug-its-own-grave-in-falklands-war

27. David Rock, Argentina, 1516–1987, University of California Press, 1987, p. 378 cited in Treisman, ‘Democracy by Mistake’.

28. ‘Thatcher Archive Reveals Deep Divisions on the Road to Falklands War’, University of Cambridge, 22 March 2013,https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/thatcher-archive-reveals-deep-divisions-on-the-road-to-falklands-war

29. ‘A Short History of the Falklands Conflict’, Imperial War Museums,https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/a-short-history-of-the-falklands-conflict

30. Agence France-Presse, ‘Argentina’s Dictatorship Dug its Own Grave in Falklands War’, France 24, 30 March 2022,https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220330-argentina-s-dictatorship-dug-its-own-grave-in-falklands-war

31. Abel Escribà-Folch and Daniel Krcmaric, ‘Dictators in Exile’, Journal of Politics 79, no. 2 (2017), p. 560.

32. ‘Alberto Fujimori Profile: Deeply Divisive Peruvian Leader’, BBC, 20 February 2018.

33. Escribà-Folch and Krcmaric, ‘Dictators in Exile’, p. 562.

34. Ibid., p. 563.

35. ‘Interview: Former “Newsweek” Correspondent Recalls Life and Death in Ceauşescu’s Romania’, Radio Free Europe/RadioLiberty, 16 December 2009,https://www.rferl.org/a/Interview_Former_Newsweek_Correspondent_Recalls_Life_And_Death_In_Ceausescus_Romania/1905712.html

36. The depiction of Ceauşescu’s flight from Bucharest is mostly based on Clyde Haberman’s article, ‘Upheaval in the East:Dictator’s Flight; Pilot of Helicopter Describes Ceauşescu’s Escape Attempt’, New York Times, 1 January 1990.

37. Emma Graham-Harrison, ‘ “I’m Still Nervous,” Says Soldier Who Shot Nicolae Ceauşescu’, Guardian, 7 December 2014.

38. Ibid.

39. Ibid.

40. Alan Greenblatt, ‘A Dictator’s Choice: Cushy Exile or Go Underground’, National Public Radio, 26 August 2011,https://www.npr.org/2011/08/26/139952385/a-dictators-choice-cushy-exile-or-go-underground

41. For a discussion about the importance of geographic proximity, see Escribà-Folch and Krcmaric, ‘Dictators in Exile’, pp. 563–4.

42. Daniel Krcmaric, ‘Should I Stay or Should I Go? Leaders, Exile, and the Dilemmas of International Justice’, American Journal ofPolitical Science 62, no. 2 (2018), p. 489.

43. Ibid.

44. ‘Liberia’s Taylor Begins Exile in Nigeria’, Public Broadcasting Service NewsHour, 13 August 2013,https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/africa-july-dec03-nigeria_08-13

45. Xan Rice, ‘Liberia’s Ex-leader Handed Over for War Crimes Trial’, Guardian, 30 March 2006.

46. Owen Bowcott, ‘War Criminal Charles Taylor to Serve 50-year Sentence in British Prison’, Guardian, 10 October 2013.

47. Escribà-Folch and Krcmaric, ‘Dictators in Exile’, p. 561.

48. Ben Brumfield, ‘Charles Taylor Sentenced to 50 Years for War Crimes’, CNN, 31 May 2012,https://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/30/world/africa/netherlands-taylor-sentencing/index.html

49. Escribà-Folch and Krcmaric, ‘Dictators in Exile’, p. 564.

50. Ibid.

51. ‘Q&A: The Case of Hissène Habré Before the Extraordinary African Chambers in Senegal’, Human Rights Watch, 3 May 2016,https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/05/03/qa-case-hissene-habre-extraordinary-african-chambers-senegal#3

52. Diego Lopes da Silva et al., ‘Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2021’, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute,https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2022-04/fs_2204_milex_2021_0.pdf

53. ‘Taliban Says Doha Office Flag, Banner Raised with “Agreement of Qatar” ’, Reuters, 23 June 2013,https://www.reuters.com/article/afghanistan-peace-taliban-qatar-idINDEE95M05120130623/

54. ‘Full Text of Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos Jr’s Inaugural Address’, Philippine Star, 30 June 2022.

55. Bernard Gwertzman, ‘For Marcos, A Restless Night of Calls to US’, New York Times, 26 February 1986.

56. Francis X. Clines, ‘The Fall of Marcos: Slipping Out of Manila; The Final Hours of Marcos: Pleading to Save Face, Then Escape in theDark’, New York Times, 26 February 1986.

57. Daniel Southerl, ‘A Fatigued Marcos Arrives in Hawaii’, Washington Post, 27 February 1986.

58. Nick Davies, ‘The $10bn Question: What Happened to the Marcos Millions?’, Guardian, 7 May 2016.

59. David Smith, ‘Thomas Lubanga Sentenced to 14 Years for Congo War Crimes’, Guardian, 10 July 2012.

60. Krcmaric, ‘Should I Stay or Should I Go?’ at p. 496.

61. ‘How the Mighty Are Falling’, The Economist, 5 July 2007.

62. Christina Lamb, ‘Trapped in the Palace’, The Spectator, 28 May 2011.

Chapter 2: The Enemy Within

1. ‘Chad Habre Accuses Sudan of Complicity in April Coup Plot’, BBC, Summary of World Broadcasts, 12 May 1989, cited in PhilipRoessler, ‘The Enemy Within’, World Politics 63, no. 2 (2011), 300–46 at pp. 312–13.

2. Robert K. Massie, Catherine the Great, Head of Zeus, 2019, p. 312.

3. Ibid.

4. E. R. Dashkova (ed. and trans. Kyril Fitzlyon), The Memoirs of Princess Dashkov, 1958, pp. 78–80, cited in Simon Sebag Montefiore,Catherine the Great & Potemkin, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001, p. 50.

5. Massie, Catherine the Great, pp. 305–21.

6. Ibid., p. 297.

7. Sebag Montefiore, Catherine the Great, p. 44.

8. Ibid., p. 36.

9. Arkhiv kniaz’ia Vorontsova, XXI, 49 (ed. P.I. Bartenev), cited in Simon Dixon, Catherine the Great, Ecco, 2010, p. 122.

10. Sebag Montefiore, Catherine the Great, p. 51.

11. Massie, Catherine the Great, p. 315.

12. Dixon, Catherine the Great, p. 123.

13. Massie, Catherine the Great, p. 316.

14. Erica Frantz, Authoritarianism, Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 56.

15. The following section is based on Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith’s The Dictator’s Handbook, Public Affairs, 2012.

16. ‘Population’, Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population

17. The depiction of North Korea’s famine is mostly based on Stephan Haggard and Marcus Noland’s Famine in North Korea:Markets, Aid, and Reform, Columbia University Press, 2007.

18. The story recounted here is based on Ju Hyun-ah’s ‘The Arduous March’, Words Without Borders, 1 May 2013,https://wordswithoutborders.org/read/article/2013-05/the-arduous-march/

19. Ibid.

20. Min Yoon, ‘The Arduous March: Growing Up in North Korea During Famine’, Guardian, 13 June 2014.

21. Ju Hyun-ah, ‘The Arduous March’.

22. Haggard and Noland, Famine in North Korea, p. 68.

23. Daniel Byman and Jennifer Lind, ‘Pyongyang’s Survival Strategy: Tools of Authoritarian Control in North Korea’, InternationalSecurity 35, no. 1 (2010), 44–74 at p. 62.

24. Haggard and Noland, Famine in North Korea, p. 11.

25. See Ronald Wintrobe, The Political Economy of Dictatorship, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 20–40.

26. de Mesquita and Smith, The Dictator’s Handbook, p. 16.

27. Niccolò Machiavelli (trans. Tim Parks), The Prince, Penguin, 2009, p. 12.

28. Edward Goldring and Austin S. Matthews, ‘To Purge or Not to Purge? An Individual-Level Quantitative Analysis of Elite Purges inDictatorships’, British Journal of Political Science 53, no. 2 (2023), 575–93 at p. 575.

29. Milan W. Svolik, The Politics of Authoritarian Rule, Cambridge University Press, 2012.

30. For an analysis of the immediate aftermath of coup attempts see Laure Bokobza et al., ‘The Morning After: Cabinet Instability andthe Purging of Ministers after Failed Coup Attempts in Autocracies’, Journal of Politics 84, no. 3 (2020), 1437–52.

31. Arianne Chernock, ‘Queen Victoria and the “Bloody Mary of Madagascar” ’, Victorian Studies 55, no. 3 (2013), 425–49 at p.433.

32. Stephen Ellis, ‘Witch-Hunting in Central Madagascar 1828–1861’, Past & Present 175 (2002), 90–123 at p. 99.

33. Samuel Pasfield Oliver, Madagascar: An Historical and Descriptive Account of the Island and its Former Dependencies, Macmillan,1886, p. 85.

34. Ibid., p. 80.

35. Ida Pfeiffer, The Last Travels of Ida Pfeiffer: Inclusive of a Visit to Madagascar, Harper & Brothers, 1861, p. 240.

36. Oliver, Madagascar, p. 86.

37. Brian Klaas, ‘Vladimir Putin Has Fallen Into the Dictator Trap’, Atlantic, 16 March 2022.

38. Adam E. Casey and Seva Gunitsky, ‘The Bully in the Bubble’, Foreign Affairs, 4 February 2022.

39. Andrew Roth, ‘Putin’s Security Men: The Elite Group Who “Fuel His Anxieties” ’, Guardian, 4 February 2022.

40. Ibid.

41. Casey and Gunitsky, ‘The Bully in the Bubble’.

42. Yi Han-yong, Taedong River Royal Family: My 14 Years Incognito in Seoul, Dong-a Ilbo, 1996, cited in Anna Fifield, The GreatSuccessor, John Murray, 2019, p. 14.

43. Fifield, The Great Successor, p. 43.

44. Ibid.

45. Jung H. Pak, ‘The Education of Kim Jong-un’, Brookings, February 2018,https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-education-of-kim-jong-un/

46. Mark Bowden, ‘Understanding Kim Jong Un, the World’s Most Enigmatic and Unpredictable Dictator’, Vanity Fair, 12 February2015.

47. Jerrold M. Post, ‘Saddam Hussein of Iraq: A Political Psychology Profile’, Political Psychology 12, no. 2 (1991), 279–89 at p. 284.

48. Erica Goode, ‘The World; Stalin to Saddam: So Much for the Madman Theory’, New York Times, 4 May 2003.

49. Cited in Dave Gilson, ‘The CIA’s Secret Psychological Profiles of Dictators and World Leaders Are Amazing’, Mother Jones, 11February 2015.

50. Jerrold M. Post and Robert S. Robins, When Illness Strikes the Leader, Yale University Press, 1993, p. 55.

51. Ibid.

52. Alejandro Artucio, ‘The Trial of Macias’, International Commission of Jurists, November 1979, p. 16.

53. Ibid., p. 8.

54. Post and Robins, When Illness Strikes the Leader, pp. 55–6.

55. Associated Press, ‘Killings Reported in Equatorial Guinea’, New York Times, 25 January 1978.

56. Ibid.

57. Artucio, ‘The Trial of Macias’, p. 11.

58. Paul Kenyon, Dictatorland, Head of Zeus, 2018, pp. 260 and 262.

59. Randall Fegley, ‘Equatorial Guinea, An African Tragedy’, Anthropology and Sociology, Series II, vol. 39, p. 52 cited in Kenyon,Dictatorland, p. 262.

60. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith, ‘Political Succession: A Model of Coups, Revolution, Purges and Everyday Politics’,Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 4 (2015), 707–43 at p. 708.

61. Artucio, ‘The Trial of Macias’, p. 16.

62. Kenyon, Dictatorland, p. 262.

63. Cited in Simon Baynham, ‘Equatorial Guinea: The Terror and the Coup’, World Today 36, no. 2 (1980), 65–71 at p. 65.

64. Kenyon, Dictatorland, p. 263.

65. Ibid.

66. Ibid.

67. Associated Press, ‘Equatorial Guinea Reports Coup’, New York Times, 6 August 1979.

Chapter 3: Weakening the Warriors

1. Cited in Paul Kenyon, Dictatorland, Head of Zeus, 2018, p. 162.

2. Nicholas Marshall, ‘United States of America v. Cherno Njie (01) and Papa Faal (02)’, United States District Court for the District ofMinnesota, 3 January 2015, https://www.justice.gov/file/189936/download

3. Much of the depiction of the attempted Gambian coup is based on Stuart A. Reid’s ‘Let’s Go Take Back Our Country’, Atlantic,March 2016.

4. ‘State of Fear’, Human Rights Watch, 16 September 2015,https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/09/17/state-fear/arbitrary-arrests-torture-and-killings

5. Reid, ‘Let’s Go Take Back Our Country’.

6. Banka Manneh, interview with author, 24 February 2023.

7. Ibid.

8. Andrew Rice, ‘The Reckless Plot to Overthrow Africa’s Most Absurd Dictator’, Guardian, 21 July 2015.

9. ‘Amnesty International Report 2014/2015’, Amnesty International, 25 February 2015,https://www.amnesty.org/en/pol10-0001-2015-en-2/

10. Rice, ‘The Reckless Plot’.

11. Banka Manneh interview.

12. Ibid.

13. Reid, ‘Let’s Go Take Back Our Country’.

14. Rice, ‘The Reckless Plot’.

15. Marshall, ‘United States of America v. Cherno Njie (01) and Papa Faal (02)’.

16. Ibid.

17. Rice, ‘The Reckless Plot’.

18. Marshall, ‘United States of America v. Cherno Njie (01) and Papa Faal (02)’.

19. Reid, ‘Let’s Go Take Back Our Country’.

20. Ibid.

21. Marshall, ‘United States of America v. Cherno Njie (01) and Papa Faal (02)’.

22. Reid, ‘Let’s Go Take Back Our Country’.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Banka Manneh interview.

26. Armin Rosen, ‘A Prominent Dissident Was Just Charged in the US with Plotting to Overthrow One of Africa’s Most OppressiveGovernments’, Business Insider, 22 March 2015.

27. Banka Manneh interview.

28. Rosen, ‘A Prominent Dissident’.

29. Jonathan M. Powell and Clayton L. Thyne, ‘Global Instances of Coups from 1950 to 2010: A New Dataset’, Journal of PeaceResearch 48, no. 2 (2011), 249–59 at p. 252.

30. King James Bible, 1 Kings xvi, 11.

31. Edward F. Campbell, ‘A Land Divided: Judah and Israel from the Death of Solomon to the Fall of Samaria’, pp. 206–41, in MichaelD. Coogan (ed.), The Oxford History of the Biblical World, Oxford University Press, 2001.

32. King James Bible, 1 Kings xvi, 18.

33. Powell and Thyne, ‘Global Instances of Coups from 1950 to 2010’.

34. Ibid.

35. ‘Britain’s Simon Mann Sentenced to 34 Years for Coup Plot’, France 24, 7 July 2008,https://www.france24.com/en/20080707-britains-simon-mann-sentenced-34-years-coup-plot-equatorial-guinea

36. Cecilia Macaulay, ‘Equatorial Guinea’s Obiang: World’s Longest-serving President Eyes Re-election’, BBC, 20 November 2022,https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63674539

37. ‘Equatorial Guinea’, OPEC, https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/4319.htm

38. ‘GDP Per Capita’, Our World in Data, 2023,https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gdp-per-capita-worldbank?tab=chart&country=GNQ~TUR~MEX~KOR

39. Simon Mann, Cry Havoc, John Blake, 2012.

40. Ian Evans, ‘We Were Betrayed, Claim Mercenaries Jailed After Ex-SAS Man’s Failed Coup’, Guardian, 25 April 2010.

41. Ibid.

42. Ibid.

43. Kim Sengupta, ‘An African Adventure: Inside Story of the Wonga Coup’, Independent, 12 March 2008.

44. David Pallister and James Sturcke, ‘Simon Mann Gets 34 Years in Equatorial Guinea Jail’, Guardian, 7 July 2008.

45. Jonathan Miller, ‘Mann: I Was Not the Main Man’, Channel 4, 11 March 2008,https://www.channel4.com/news/articles/politics/international_politics/mann+i+was+not+the+main+man/1761247.html

46. Antony Barnett and Martin Bright, ‘Revealed: How Britain Was Told Full Coup Plan’, Guardian, 28 November 2004.

47. Malcolm R. Easton and Randolph M. Siverson, ‘Leader Survival and Purges After a Failed Coup d’Etat’, Journal of Peace Research55, no. 5 (2018), 596–608 at p. 599.

48. Brian Klaas, ‘Why Coups Fail’, Foreign Affairs, 17 July 2016.

49. Esme Kirk-Wade and Zoe Mansfield, ‘UK Defence Personnel Statistics’, House of Commons Library, 18 July 2023,https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7930/CBP-7930.pdf

50. Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, ‘Coup Traps: Why Does Africa Have So Many Coups d’Etat?’, working paper, Centre for the Studyof African Economies, August 2005, https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:49097086-8505-4eb2-8174-314ce1aa3ebb

51. Naunihal Singh, Seizing Power, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014, p. 66.

52. James T. Quinlivan, ‘Coup-Proofing: Its Practice and Consequences in the Middle East’, International Security 24, no. 2 (1999),131–65 at p. 141.

53. Williamson Murray and Kevin M. Woods, The Iran–Iraq War: A Military and Strategic History, Cambridge University Press, 2014, p.287 cited in Caitlin Talmadge, The Dictator’s Army, Cornell University Press, 2015, p. 154.

54. Hanna Batatu, The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq’s Old Landed and CommercialClasses and of Its Communists, Ba’athists, and Free Officers, Princeton University Press, 1978, p. 1095 cited in Quinlivan,‘Coup-Proofing’, p. 144.

55. Quinlivan, ‘Coup-Proofing’, p. 144.

56. Ibid., p. 150.

57. Cameron S. Brown, Christopher J. Fariss and R. Blake McMahon, ‘Recouping After Coup-Proofing: Compromised MilitaryEffectiveness and Strategic Substitution’, International Interactions 41, no. 1 (2016), 1–30 at p. 4.

58. Cited in ibid., pp. 4–5.

59. Quinlivan, ‘Coup-Proofing’, pp. 143–4.

60. For a detailed discussion of the consequences of violence during coups, see Erica de Bruin’s ‘Will There Be Blood? ExplainingViolence During Coups d’Etat’, Journal of Peace Research 56, no. 6 (2019), 797–811.

61. Kristen A. Harkness, When Soldiers Rebel, Cambridge University Press, 2018, p. 57.

62. Ibid., p. 39

63. Ibid., p. 36.

64. J. ’Bayo Adekson, ‘Ethnicity and Army Recruitment in Colonial Plural Societies’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 2, no. 2 (1979), 151–65at p. 161 cited in Harkness, When Soldiers Rebel, p. 37.

65. Anthony Clayton, Khaki and Blue: Military and Police in British Colonial Africa, Ohio University, 1989, p. 160 cited in Harkness, WhenSoldiers Rebel, p. 37.

66. Kristen A. Harkness, ‘The Ethnic Stacking in Africa Dataset: When Leaders Use Ascriptive Identity to Build Military Loyalty’, ConflictManagement and Peace Science 39, no. 5 (2022), 609–32 at pp. 619–20.

67. Chris Hedges, ‘Kurds Unearthing New Evidence of Iraqi Killings’, New York Times, 7 December 1991.

68. Ibid.

69. Quinlivan, ‘Coup-Proofing’, p. 151.

70. Erica de Bruin, How to Prevent Coups d’Etat, Cornell University Press, 2020.

71. Ibid., p. 97.

72. Cited in Harkness, When Soldiers Rebel, p. 146.

73. de Bruin, How to Prevent Coups d’Etat, pp. 97 and 98.

74. See ‘Ghana Voters Back Nkrumah Proposal For One-Party Rule’, New York Times, 26 January 1964.

75. de Bruin, How to Prevent Coups d’Etat, p. 96.

76. Lloyd Garrison, ‘Coup in Ghana: Elaborately Organized Upheaval’, New York Times, 5 March 1966.

77. Ibid.

78. Cited in de Bruin, How to Prevent Coups d’Etat, p. 99.

79. John J. Chin, Joseph Wright and David B. Carter, Historical Dictionary of Modern Coups d’Etat, Rowman & Littlefield, 2022, p. 438.

80. Harkness, When Soldiers Rebel, p. 73.

81. Chin, Wright and Carter, Historical Dictionary, p. 438.

Chapter 4: Rebels, Guns and Money

1. Leon Trotsky, The History of the Russian Revolution, Victor Gollancz, 1984, p. 511.

2. United Press International, ‘Thousands Dead as Quakes Strike Nicaraguan City’, New York Times, 24 December 1972.

3. ‘Case Report Nicaragua-Earthquake’, United States Agency for International Development, December 1972,https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnadq757.pdf

4. ‘Earthquakes of Past Bigger Than Managua’s’, New York Times, 26 December 1972.

5. ‘Case Report Nicaragua-Earthquake’.

6. David Johnson Lee, ‘De-centring Managua: Post-earthquake Reconstruction and Revolution in Nicaragua’, Urban History 42, no. 4(2015), 663–85 at pp. 668–9.

7. United Press International, ‘Major Section of Managua to Serve as Mass Grave’, New York Times, 27 December 1972.

8. Reuters, ‘Managua Has Disappeared’, New York Times, 24 December 1972.

9. Robin Navarro Montgomery, ‘The Fall of Somoza: Anatomy of a Revolution’, Parameters 10, no. 1 (1980), 47–57 at p. 51.

10. Rose Spalding, Capitalists and Revolution in Nicaragua: Opposition and Accommodation, 1979–1993, University of North CarolinaPress, 1994, cited in Lee, ‘De-centring Managua’, p. 680.

11. Idean Salehyan, Rebels Without Borders, Cornell University Press, 2011, p. 126.

12. Alan Riding, ‘Bishops in Nicaragua Say Troops Kill Civilians in Fighting Leftists’, New York Times, 2 March 1977.

13. Montgomery, ‘The Fall of Somoza’.

14. Laurie Johnston, ‘Prize-Winning Editor Is Shot Dead in Nicaragua’, New York Times, 11 January 1978.

15. Mateo Cayetano Jarquin, ‘A Latin American Revolution: The Sandinistas, the Cold War, and Political Change in the Region,1977–1990’, doctoral dissertation (2019), Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, pp. 47–8.

16. Christopher Paul, Colin P. Clarke and Beth Grill, Victory Has a Thousand Fathers: Detailed Counterinsurgency Case Studies, RANDCorporation, 2010.

17. Cayetano Jarquin, ‘A Latin American Revolution’, p. 70.

18. Cynthia Gorney, ‘Somoza is Assassinated in Ambush in Paraguay’, Washington Post, 18 September 1980.

19. Max Boot, ‘The Evolution of Irregular War: Insurgents and Guerillas from Akkadia to Afghanistan’, Foreign Affairs 92, no. 2 (2013),100–14.

20. Eric Dorn Brose, German History 1789‒1871, Berghahn, 1997, p. 4.

21. Henry Louis Gates, Emmanuel Akyeampong and Steven J. Niven (eds.), Dictionary of African Biography, Oxford University Press,2011, p. 172.

22. Ibid.

23. ‘Chad Habre Accuses Sudan of Complicity in April Coup Plot’, BBC, Summary of World Broadcasts, 12 May 1989, cited in PhilipRoessler, ‘The Enemy Within’, World Politics 63, no. 2 (2011), 300–46 at pp. 312–13.

24. Associated Press, ‘Chad President Reportedly Flees and Rebels March In’, New York Times, 2 December 1990.

25. ‘Chad’s President Idriss Déby Dies After Clashes with Rebels’, BBC, 20 April 2021,https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56815708

26. Roessler, ‘The Enemy Within’, pp. 314–15.

27. Paul Collier et al., ‘Breaking the Conflict Trap’, World Bank, 2003, p. 68,https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/ce680d98-c240-5747-a573-b4896762e5f5/content

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid.

30. F. Ngaruko and J. D. Nkurunziza, ‘Civil War and Its Duration in Burundi’, Paper prepared for the World Bank and Yale Universitycase study project The Political Economy of Civil Wars, 2002, cited in ibid., pp. 68–9.

31. Ibid., p. 72.

32. Ibid., p. 75.

33. Blaine Harden, ‘Diamond Wars: A Special Report’, New York Times, 6 April 2000.

34. Mark Shaw, ‘ “The Middlemen”: War Supply Networks in Sierra Leone and Angola’, Netherlands Institute of InternationalRelations, working paper 10, March 2003, pp. 19–20,https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2016-02/20030300_cru_working_paper_10.pdf

35. Collier et al., ‘Breaking the Conflict Trap’ .

36. Marianne Moor and Liduine Zumpolle, ‘The Kidnap Industry in Colombia’, Pax Christi Netherlands, November 2001,https://paxforpeace.nl/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/11/the-kidnap-industry-in-colombia-our-business-112001_0.pdf

37. Ibid.

38. Anja Shortland, Kidnap, Oxford University Press, 2019, p. 100.

39. Moor and Zumpolle, ‘The Kidnap Industry in Colombia’.

40. Michael L. Ross, ‘Booty Futures’, working paper, 6 May 2005, p. 11,https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/ross/papers/working/bootyfutures.pdf

41. Ibid., pp. 11–12.

42. See Stathis N. Kalyvas, The Logic of Violence in Civil War, Cambridge University Press, 2012.

43. Adam Lockyer, ‘Foreign Intervention and Warfare in Civil Wars: The Effect of Exogenous Resources on the Course and Nature of theAngolan and Afghan Conflicts’, doctoral dissertation, University of Sydney, Department of Government and International Relations,December 2008, pp. 109–10.

44. Nathan Leites and Charles Wolf, Jr, Rebellion and Authority, Markham, 1970, pp. 128–9.

45. Jeremy M. Weinstein, Inside Rebellion, Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 203–4.

46. Jürgen Brandsch, interview with author, 3 February 2023.

47. This is an argument advanced by Alex de Waal in The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa, Polity, 2015, p. 53.

48. Ibid.

49. ‘Syria Refugee Crisis Explained’, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 14 March 2023,https://www.unrefugees.org/news/syria-refugee-crisis-explained/

50. Henry A. Kissinger, ‘The Viet Nam Negotiations’, Foreign Affairs, 1 January 1969.

51. Cited in Associated Press, ‘Colombia’s Guerilla War killed 260,000, Report Says’, CBC, 2 August 2018,https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/colombia-guerrilla-farc-death-toll-1.4771858

52. Roland Dumas, cited in Alan Riding, ‘Rebels in Control of Chad’s Capital’, New York Times, 3 December 1990.

53. ‘Supported by France, Convicted by Africa’, Human Rights Watch, 30 May 2016,https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/francehabre0616en_summaryweb_0.pdf

54. ‘France Bombed Chadian Rebels to Stop Coup d’Etat: Foreign Minister’, Reuters, 12 February 2019,https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-chad-idUSKCN1Q11XB/

55. Ibid.

56. Lockyer, ‘Foreign Intervention and Warfare in Civil Wars’, pp. 203 and 205.

57. Vincent Schneiter, ‘La Guerre de Libération au Nouristan’, Les Temps Modernes, no. 408–9, July–August 1980, p. 240 cited in ibid.,pp. 205–6.

58. Thomas A. Marks, ‘Mao Tse-tung and the Search for 21st Century Counterinsurgency’, CTC Sentinel, 2, no. 10 (2009), 17–20 at p.18.

59. Lockyer, ‘Foreign Intervention and Warfare in Civil Wars’, p. 98.

Chapter 5: Enemies, Foreign and Domestic

1. Cited in Ulrich Pilster and Tobias Böhmelt, ‘Coup-Proofing and Military Effectiveness in Interstate Wars, 1967–99’, ConflictManagement and Peace Science 28, no. 4 (2011), 331–50 at p. 331.

2. Ibid., pp. 331–50.

3. Cigdem V. Sirin and Michael T. Koch, ‘Dictators and Death: Casualty Sensitivity of Autocracies in Militarized Interstate Disputes’,International Studies Quarterly 59, no. 4 (2015), 802–14.

4. Ben Doherty, ‘Former SAS Soldier Arrested and Charged in NSW for Alleged War Crime Over Killing of Afghan Civilian’, Guardian,20 March 2023.

5. Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, Phoenix, 2004, p. 229.

6. Ibid., pp. 226–7.

7. Robert Service, Stalin, Pan, 2010, p. 343.

8. Ibid., pp. 351–2.

9. Sebag Montefiore, Stalin, p. 252.

10. Ibid., p. 237.

11. Ibid., p. 229.

12. Service, Stalin, p. 356.

13. Peter Whitewood et al., The Red Army and the Great Terror: Stalin’s Purge of the Soviet Military, University Press of Kansas, 2015.

14. Sebag Montefiore, Stalin, p. 230.

15. Robert Service, The Penguin History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century (3rd edition), 2009, p. 225.

16. ‘Great Purge’, Encyclopedia Britannica, 2023, https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Purge

17. Kenneth Pollack, Armies of Sand, Oxford University Press, 2019, p. 115.

18. Ibid., pp. 115–16.

19. Kenneth Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991, University of Nebraska Press, 2002, cited in Pilster and Böhmelt,‘Coup-Proofing and Military Effectiveness in Interstate Wars, 1967‒99’, at p. 336.

20. The following section is based on Lindsey O’Rourke, Covert Regime Change, Cornell University Press, 2018.

21. Ibid., p. 2.

22. Ibid., p. 49.

23. Ibid., p. 53.

24. Evans Thomas, The Very Best Men: Four Men Who Dared; The Early Years of the CIA, Touchstone, 1995, p. 120 cited in ibid., p. 57.

25. ‘The Bay of Pigs’, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum,https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/the-bay-of-pigs

26. ‘Memorandum From the President’s Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) to President Kennedy’, United StatesDepartment of State, Office of the Historian, 8 February 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d39

27. Bill Newcott, ‘After 60 Years, Bay of Pigs Disaster Still Haunts Veterans Who Fought’, National Geographic, 16 April 2021.

28. ‘The Bay of Pigs’, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum,https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/the-bay-of-pigs

29. Newcott, ‘After 60 Years, Bay of Pigs Disaster Still Haunts Veterans Who Fought’.

30. ‘The Bay of Pigs Invasion’, CIA, 18 April 2016, https://www.cia.gov/stories/story/the-bay-of-pigs-invasion/

31. ‘Memorandum From the Chief of Operations in the Deputy Directorate for Plans (Helms) to Director of Central Intelli-genceMcCone’, United States Department of State, Office of the Historian, 19 January 1962,https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d292

32. Alexander Smith, ‘Fidel Castro: The CIA’s 7 Most Bizarre Assassination Attempts’, NBC News, 28 November 2016,https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/fidel-castros-death/fidel-castro-cia-s-7-most-bizarre-assassination-attempts-n688951

33. Max Boot, ‘Operation Mongoose: The Story of America’s Efforts to Overthrow Castro’, Atlantic, 5 January 2018.

34. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, Randolph M. Siverson and Gary Woller, ‘War and the Fate of Regimes: A Comparative Analysis’,American Political Science Review 86, no. 3 (1992), 638–49 at p. 642.

35. For the connection between protest and foreign policy, see for example Jessica Chen Weiss, Powerful Patriots: Nationalist Protest inChina’s Foreign Relations, Oxford University Press, 2014.

36. D. Sean Barnett et al., ‘North Korean Conventional Artillery’, RAND Corporation, 2020, p. 2,https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA619-1.html

37. Ibid.

38. Julian Ryall, ‘South Korea: Why is Seoul’s Population Declining?,’ Deutsche Welle, 19 June 2022,https://www.dw.com/en/south-korea-why-is-seouls-population-declining/a-62138302

39. Barnett et al., ‘North Korean Conventional Artillery’, p. 17.

40. Cameron S. Brown, Christopher J. Fariss and R. Blake McMahon, ‘Recouping After Coup-Proofing: Compromised MilitaryEffectiveness and Strategic Substitution’, International Interactions 42, no. 1 (2016), 1–30 at pp. 2 and 8.

41. Ibid., p. 8.

42. Nicholas Miller, interview with author, 9 March 2023.

43. Malfrid Braut-Hegghammer, ‘Why North Korea Succeeded at Getting Nuclear Weapons – When Iraq and Libya Failed’,Washington Post, 2 January 2018.

44. John Wright, Libya, Ernest Benn, 1969, p. 199 cited in Malfrid Brautt-Hegghammer, Unclear Physics, Cornell University Press, 2016, p.128.

45. Ibid.

46. Ibid., p. 143.

47. John K. Cooley, Libyan Sandstorm, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1982, p. 230 cited in Thomas Müller-Färber, ‘How the QaddafiRegime Was Driven into Nuclear Disarmament’, doctoral dissertation, Hertie School of Governance, Berlin Graduate School forTransnational Studies, June 2016, p. 162.

48. Müller-Färber, ‘How the Qaddafi Regime Was Driven into Nuclear Disarmament’, p. 162.

49. Brautt-Hegghammer, Unclear Physics, pp. 157–8.

50. Akar Bharadvaj and Kevin Woods, ‘When Strongmen Invade, They Bring Their Pathologies With Them’, War on the Rocks, 18 May2022, https://warontherocks.com/2022/05/when-strongmen-invade-they-bring-their-pathologies-with-them/

51. Caitlin Talmadge, The Dictator’s Army, Cornell University Press, 2015, p. 162.

52. Kevin M. Woods et al., ‘Saddam’s Generals’, Institute for Defense Analyses, 2011, p. 20.

53. Ibid., p. 14.

54. Ibid., p. 20.

55. ‘Uzbekistan: Two Brutal Deaths in Custody’, Human Rights Watch, 9 August 2002,https://www.hrw.org/news/2002/08/09/uzbekistan-two-brutal-deaths-custody

56. Nick Paton Walsh, ‘Uzbek Mother Who Publicised “Boiling” Torture of Son Gets Hard Labour’, Guardian, 13 February 2004.

57. Andrea Koppell and Elise Labott, ‘US-Uzbek Ties Grow Despite Rights Concerns’, CNN, 12 March 2002,https://edition.cnn.com/2002/US/03/12/ret.uzbek.us/

58. ‘Joint Press Conference with President Islam Karimov’, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 8 December 2001, US Department of State Archive,https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/2001/dec/6749.htm

59. Daniel J. O’Connor, ‘Rethinking Uzbekistan: A Military View’, Military Review, March–April 2020,https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/March-April-2020/OConnor-Rethinking-Uzbekistan/

Chapter 6: You Shoot, You Lose

1. Cited in Héctor Tobar, ‘Hugo Banzer, 75: Bolivian Dictator Turned President’, Los Angeles Times, 6 May 2002.

2. Susan Ratcliffe (ed.), Oxford Essential Quotations, Oxford University Press, 2017,https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191843730.001.0001/q-oro-ed5-00007069

3. Barbara Geddes, Joseph Wright and Erica Frantz, How Dictatorships Work, Cambridge University Press, p. 179.

4. Gene Sharp, From Dictatorship to Democracy, Serpent’s Tail, 2012.

5. Kristian S. Gleditsch and Mauricio Rivera, ‘The Diffusion of Nonviolent Campaigns’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 5 (2017),pp. 1120–45 at p. 1123.

6. A Serbian activist in conversation with the author, 16 February 2023.

7. Erica Chenoweth, Civil Resistance, Oxford University Press, 2021, p. 95.

8. Ibid., p. 114.

9. Ibid., p. 115.

10. Ibid.

11. See Christian Davenport, ‘State Repression and Political Order’, Annual Review of Political Science 10, no. 1 (2007), 1–23 at p. 7.

12. Erica Chenoweth and Maria J. Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works, Columbia University Press, 2013.

13. ‘Ukraine: Excessive Force Against Protestors’, Human Rights Watch, 3 December 2013,https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/12/03/ukraine-excessive-force-against-protesters

14. Oksana Grytsenko and Shaun Walker, ‘Ukrainians Call for Yanukovych to Resign in Protests Sparked by EU U-turn’, Guardian, 2December 2013.

15. Hanna Arhirova, ‘10 years Later, a War-weary Ukraine Reflects on Events That Began Its Collision Course with Russia’, AssociatedPress News, 21 November 2023,https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-uprising-anniversary-russia-war-maidan-2f73f31a5aec45bd7dbcddae8f72edac

16. Susan Ormiston, ‘Remembering the 2014 Ukraine Revolution, Which Set the Stage for the 2022 Russian Invasion’, CBC News, 23February 2023, https://www.cbc.ca/news/ukraine-2014-euromaidan-1.6756384

17. See Daniel Byman and Jennifer Lind, ‘Pyongyang’s Survival Strategy: Tools of Authoritarian Control in North Korea’,International Security 35, no. 1 (2010), 44–74.

18. ‘Amnesty International Report 2022/23: The State of the World’s Human Rights’, Amnesty International, 27 March 2023,https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/5670/2023/en/

19. ‘Russia: Police Raid Prominent Rights Group’, Human Rights Watch, 4 December 2008,https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/12/04/russia-police-raid-prominent-rights-group

20. Katherin Machalek, ‘Factsheet: Russia’s NGO Laws’, in ‘Contending with Putin’s Russia: A Call for American Leadership’,Freedom House, 6 February 2013, p. 11,https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/SR_Contending_with_Putins_Russia_PDF.pdf

21. Ibid., p. 12.

22. Andrew Roth, ‘Russian Court Orders Closure of Country’s Oldest Human Rights Group’, Guardian, 28 December 2021.

23. Mary Elise Sarotte, The Collapse, Basic Books, 2014, p. 9.

24. Matt Ford, ‘A Dictator’s Guide to Urban Design’, Atlantic, 21 February 2014.

25. Siddharth Varadarajan, ‘Dictatorship by Cartography’, Himal Southasian, February 2007.

26. Matt Ford, ‘A Dictator’s Guide to Urban Design’, Atlantic, 21 February 2014.

27. Yana Gorokhovaskaia and Isabel Linzer, ‘Defending Democracy in Exile’, Freedom House, June 2022, p. 4,https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/Complete_TransnationalRepressionReport2022_NEW_0.pdf

28. Ibid.

29. The depiction of Jia’s experience is based on Jia Zu, ‘I Will Never Forget the Tiannanmen Massacre’, Washington Post, 4 June1999.

30. Ibid.

31. Peter Ellingsen, ‘Remembering Tiananmen’, Sydney Morning Herald, 3 June 2014.

32. ‘Tiananmen 30 Years On: China’s Indelible Stain’, Amnesty International, 1 June 2019,https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/06/china-tiananmen-crackdown-30-years-on/

33. Nicholas D. Kristof, ‘Crackdown in Beijing; Troops Attack and Crush Beijing Protest; Thousands Fight Back, Scores Are Killed’, NewYork Times, 4 June 1989.

34. Louisa Lim, People’s Republic of Amnesia, Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 7.

35. Sheryl Wudunn, ‘In Beijing, Rage and Despair Over the Soldiers’ Brutality’, New York Times, 5 June 1989.

36. Lily Kuo, ‘China’s Other Tiananmens: 30 Years On’, Guardian, 2 June 2019,https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/02/chinas-other-tiananmens-30th-anniversary-1989-protests

37. Lim, People’s Republic of Amnesia, p. 189.

38. Deng Xiaoping, ‘Deng’s June 9 Speech: “We Faced a Rebellious Clique” and “Dregs of Society” ’, New York Times, 30 June1989.

39. Siegbert Schefke, Als die Angst die Seiten wechselte, Transit, 2019, pp. 61 and 62.

40. Ibid., p. 97.

41. Sarotte, The Collapse, p. 53.

42. Hartmut Zwahr, Ende einer Selbstzerstörung, Sax, 2014, p. 90.

43. Bernd-Lutz Lange and Sascha Lange, David gegen Goliath, Aufbau, 2019, pp. 82–4.

44. Zwahr, Das Ende einer Selbstzerstörung, p. 89.

45. See, for example, ibid., p. 90.

46. Ibid.

47. Sarotte, The Collapse, p. 71.

48. Ibid., p. 72.

49. Ibid., pp. 73–4.

50. Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way, ‘Linkage Versus Leverage: Rethinking the International Dimension of Regime Change’,Comparative Politics 38, no. 4 (2006), 379–400.

51. This manoeuvre is inspired by the real response of monarchies during the Arab Spring, as outlined in Yasmina Abouzzohour,‘Heavy Lies the Crown: The Survival of Arab Monarchies, 10 Years after the Arab Spring’, Brookings, 8 March 2021,https://www.brookings.edu/articles/heavy-lies-the-crown-the-survival-of-arab-monarchies-10-years-after-the-arab-spring/

Chapter 7: No Other Option

1. Efraim Karsh, ‘Conflict of Necessity’, Los Angeles Times, 30 March 2003.

2. ‘Assassination’, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 5 December 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/assassination

3. Barbara Schmitz, ‘War, Violence and Tyrannicide in the Book of Judith’, pp. 103–19 in Jan Liesen and Pancratius Beentjes (ed),Visions of Peace and Tales of War, De Gruyter, 2010, p. 112.

4. Moses I. Finley, The Ancient Greeks, Penguin, 1977, p. 58 cited in Shannon K. Brincat, ‘ “Death to Tyrants”: The Political Philosophyof Tyrannicide – Part 1’, Journal of International Political Theory 4, no. 2 (2008), 212–40 at p. 215.

5. Aristotle (trans. Terence Irwin), Nicomachean Ethics, Hackett Press, 2000, p. 36 cited in ibid., p. 217.

6. Ibid., pp. 216 and 218.

7. Augustine (trans. R.S. Pine-Coffin), Confessions, Penguin, 1961, p. 207 cited in ibid., p. 220.

8. ‘John of Salisbury’, Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, 27 April 2022, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/john-salisbury/

9. Cary Nederman, ‘Three Concepts of Tyranny in Western Medieval Political Thought’, Contributions to the History of Concepts 14,no. 2 (2019), p. 9.

10. John of Salisbury (ed. Cary J. Nederman), Policraticus: Of the Frivolities of Courtiers and the Footprints of Philosophers, CambridgeUniversity Press, 1990, p. 210.

11. Nederman, ‘Three Concepts of Tyranny in Western Medieval Political Thought’, p. 9.

12. See Cary J. Nederman, ‘A Duty to Kill: John of Salisbury’s Theory of Tyrannicide’, Review of Politics 50, no. 3 (1988), 365–89.

13. Robert S. Miola, ‘Julius Caesar and the Tyrannicide Debate’, Renaissance Quarterly 38, no. 2 (1985), 271–89 at p. 274.

14. Benjamin F. Jones and Benjamin A. Olken, ‘Hit or Miss? The Effect of Assassinations on Institutions and War’, American EconomicJournal: Macroeconomics 1, no. 2 (2009), 55–87 at p. 56.

15. John Chin et al., ‘Reshaping the Threat Environment: Personalism, Coups, and Assassinations’, Comparative Political Studies 55,no. 4 (2022), 657–87.

16. The depiction of the assassination is in large part based on Frances Robles, ‘ “They Thought I Was Dead”: Haitian President’sWidow Recounts Assassination’, New York Times, 30 July 2021.

17. Ibid.

18. John Pacenti and Chris Cameron, ‘US Prosecutors Detail Plot to Kill Haitian President’, New York Times, 1 February 2023.

19. Ibid.

20. ‘Haiti President’s Assassination: What We Know So Far’, BBC, 1 February 2023,https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57762246

21. Jones and Olken, ‘Hit or Miss?’, p. 62.

22. Chin et al., ‘Reshaping the Threat Environment’.

23. Ibid.

24. Elian Peltier and Raja Abdulrahim, ‘Can Russia Tame Wagner in Africa Without Destroying It?’, New York Times, 29 June 2023.

25. Ibid.

26. See Jason K. Stearns, Dancing in the Glory of Monsters, Public Affairs, 2012, p. 279.

27. Stuart Jeffries, ‘Revealed: How Africa’s Dictator Died at the Hands of his Boy Soldiers’, Guardian, 11 February 2001.

28. Chin et al., ‘Reshaping the Threat Environment’.

29. John Hoyt Williams, ‘Paraguayan Isolation under Dr. Francia: A Re-Evaluation’, Hispanic American Historical Review 52, no. 1(1972), 102–22 at p. 102.

30. Dalia Ventura, ‘Aimé Bonpland, el brillante botánico opacado por Alexander von Humboldt que se enamoró de Latinoamérica’,BBC, 8 January 2022, https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-59593096

31. Stephen Bell, A Life in Shadow, Stanford University Press, 2010, p. 62.

32. Ventura, ‘Aimé Bonpland’.

33. Johann Rudolf Rengger, Historischer Versuch über die Revolution von Paraguay und die Dictatorial-Regierung von Dr. Francia, J. G.Cotta, 1827, p. 162.

34. Pjotr Sauer, ‘Russian Soldiers Say Commanders Used “Barrier Troops” to Stop Them from Retreating’, Guardian, 27 March2023.

35. Ivan Nechepurenko, ‘Putin Holds Highly Choreographed Meeting with Mothers of Russian Servicemen’, New York Times, 25November 2022.

36. Ibid.

37. Andrew Roth and Pjotr Sauer, ‘Putin Talks to Mothers of Soldiers Fighting in Ukraine in Staged Meeting’, Guardian, 25 November2022.

38. Ibid.

39. Zaryab Iqbal and Christopher Zorn, ‘Sic Semper Tyrannis? Power, Repression and Assassination Since the Second World War’,Journal of Politics 68:3 (2006), pp. 489–501 at p. 492.

40. Dan Williams, ‘After Duvalier: Haiti – A Scary Time for Voodoo’, Los Angeles Times, 7 March 1986.

41. ‘The Death and Legacy of Papa Doc Duvalier’, Time, 17 January 2011.

42. Albin Krebs, ‘Papa Doc, a Ruthless Dictator, Kept the Haitians in Illiteracy and Dire Poverty’, New York Times, 23 April 1971.

43. Williams, ‘After Duvalier’.

44. Homer Bigart, ‘Duvalier, 64, Dies in Haiti; Son, 19, Is New President’, New York Times, 23 April 1971.

45. Rick Atkinson, ‘US to Rely on Air Strikes if War Erupts’, Washington Post, 16 September 1990.

46. ‘Executive Order 12333 – United States intelligence activities’, part 2, section 11, US National Archives and RecordsAdministration, 1981, https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12333.html

47. Frank Church et al., ‘Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders – An Interim Report’, United States Senate, Report No.94-465, 20 November 1975, p. 255, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94465.pdf

48. Ibid., p. 1.

49. Most of the details on the Blue House Raid are taken from Mark McDonald, ‘Failed North Korean Assassin Assimilates in theSouth’, New York Times, 17 December 2010.

50. Norimutsu Onishi, ‘South Korean Movie Unlocks Door on a Once-Secret Past’, New York Times, 15 February 2004.

51. Ivan Watson and Jake Kwon, ‘How a Plot to Kill Kim Il Sung Ended in Mutiny and Murder’, CNN, 19 February 2018,https://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/18/asia/south-korea-failed-assassination-squad-unit-684-intl/index.html

52. Onishi, ‘South Korean Movie Unlocks Door’.

53. Watson and Kwon, ‘How a Plot to Kill Kim Il Sung Ended in Mutiny and Murder’.

54. Ibid.

55. ‘34 Die as Korean Prisoners “Invade” Seoul’, New York Times, 24 August 1971.

56. Andrei Lankov, ‘How a Secret Plot to Assassinate North Korea’s Leader Spiraled Out of Control’, NK News, 7 August 2023,https://www.nknews.org/2023/08/how-a-secret-plot-to-assassinate-north-koreas-leader-spiraled-out-of-control/

57. Ibid.

58. Onishi, ‘South Korean Movie Unlocks Door’.

59. Ibid.

60. Ibid.

61. Lankov, ‘How a Secret Plot to Assassinate North Korea’s Leader Spiraled Out of Control’.

62. Choe Sang-Hun, ‘South Korea Plans “Decapitation Unit” to Try to Scare North’s Leaders’, New York Times, 12 September2017.

63. Ankit Panda, ‘South Korea’s “Decapitation” Strategy Against North Korea Has More Risks Than Benefits’, CarnegieEndowment for International Peace, 15 August 2022,https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/08/15/south-korea-s-decapitation-strategy-against-north-korea-has-more-risks-than-benefits-pub-87672

64. Ibid.

65. Ibid.

66. Megan DuBois, ‘North Korea’s Nuclear Fail-Safe’, Foreign Policy, 16 September 2022.

67. Shane Smith and Paul Bernstein, ‘North Korean Nuclear Command and Control: Alternatives and Implications’, Defense ThreatReduction Agency, August 2022,https://wmdcenter.ndu.edu/Portals/97/Documents/Publications/NK-Nuclear-Command-and-Control_Report.pdf

68. DuBois, ‘North Korea’s Nuclear Fail-Safe’.

69. Ibid.

70. This portrayal of the Venezuelan assassination attempt is based on Christoph Koettl and Barbara Marcolini, ‘A Closer Look at theDrone Attack on Maduro in Venezuela’, New York Times, 10 August 2018.

71. See Chin et al., ‘Reshaping the Threat Environment’.

Chapter 8: Be Careful What You Wish For

1. Ryan Chilcote and Aliaksandr Kudrytski, ‘Belarus Strongman Balances Between Ukraine War, Putin, EU’, Bloomberg, 2 April 2015.

2. Andrea Kendall-Taylor and Erica Frantz, ‘How Autocracies Fall’, Washington Quarterly 37, no. 1 (2014), 35–47 at p. 36.

3. Cited in Sarah J. Hummel, ‘Leader Age, Death, and Political Reform in Dictatorships’, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,working paper, 12 December 2017, https://publish.illinois.edu/shummel/files/2017/12/LeaderDeath171106.pdf

4. Seva Gunitsky, interview with author, 12 January 2023.

5. Rob Matheson, ‘Sudanese Celebrate End of Omar al-Bashir’s 30-year Rule’, Al Jazeera, 11 April 2019,https://www.aljazeera.com/videos/2019/4/11/sudanese-celebrate-end-of-omar-al-bashirs-30-year-rule

6. The depiction of this story is largely based on the BBC video made by witnesses filming with their telephones, ‘Sudan’s LivestreamMassacre’, BBC, 12 July 2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-48956133

7. ‘They Were Shouting “Kill Them” ’, Human Rights Watch, 17 November 2019,https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/11/18/they-were-shouting-kill-them/sudans-violent-crackdown-protesters-khartoum

8. Ibid.

9. ‘Sudan’s Livestream Massacre’.

10. Ibid.

11. Michelle Gavin, ‘Sudan’s Coup: One Year Later’, Council on Foreign Relations, 24 October 2022,https://www.cfr.org/blog/sudans-coup-one-year-later

12. Aidan Lewis, ‘What is Happening in Sudan? Fighting in Khartoum Explained’, Reuters, 13 July 2023,https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/whats-behind-sudans-crisis-2023-04-17/

13. Declan Walsh and Abdi Latif Dahir, ‘War in Sudan: Who is Battling for Power, and Why It Hasn’t Stopped’, New York Times, 26October 2023.

14. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith, The Dictator’s Handbook, Public Affairs, 2012.

15. See Barbara Geddes, Joseph Wright and Erica Frantz, How Dictatorships Work, Cambridge University Press, 2018, p. 230.

16. Andrej Kokkonen and Anders Sundell, ‘Leader Succession and Civil War’, Comparative Political Studies 53, nos 3–4 (2019),434–68 at p. 434.

17. Andrej Kokkonen and Anders Sundell, ‘Delivering Stability: Primogeniture and Autocratic Survival in European Monarchies1000–1800’, Quality of Government Institute, Working Paper Series (3 April 2012), p. 4.

18. ‘Primogeniture and Ultimogeniture’, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 27 October 2023,https://www.britannica.com/topic/primogeniture

19. Kokkonen and Sundell, ‘Delivering Stability’, p. 6.

20. Xin Nong, ‘Informal Succession Institutions and Autocratic Survival: Evidence from Ancient China’, working paper, 3 March 2022,https://xin-nong.com/files/Informal_Succession_Xin_EHA.pdf

21. Kokkonen and Sundell, ‘Delivering Stability’, p. 4.

22. Anne Meng, ‘Winning the Game of Thrones: Leadership Succession in Modern Autocracies’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 65, no.5 (2021), 950–81.

23. Erica Frantz and Elizabeth A. Stein, ‘Countering Coups: Leadership Succession Rules in Dictatorships’, Comparative PoliticalStudies 50, no. 7 (2017), 935–62.

24. Chris Hodges, ‘Damascus Journal: Fist May Be of Iron, but is Assad’s Hand Weak?’, New York Times, 17 December 1991.

25. Jason Brownlee, ‘Hereditary Succession in Modern Autocracies’, World Politics 59, no. 4 (2007), 595–628 at p. 618.

26. Eyal Zisser, ‘Does Bashar al-Assad Rule Syria?’, Middle East Quarterly 10, no. 1 (2003), 15–23 at p. 17.

27. Amos Chapple, ‘What’s Changed? Armenia One Year After Revolution’, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 23 April 2019.

28. Ibid.

29. Erica Chenoweth and Maria J. Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works, Columbia University Press, pp. 213–15.

30. See Markus Bayer, Felix S. Bethke and Daniel Lambach, ‘The Democratic Dividend of Nonviolent Resistance’, Journal of PeaceResearch 53, no. 6 (2016), 758–71.

31. Erica Frantz, Authoritarianism, Oxford University Press, p. 126.

32. George Derpanopoulos et al., ‘Are Coups Good for Democracy?’, Research and Politics 3, no. 1 (2016), 1–7 at p. 2.

33. John J. Chin, David B. Carter and Joseph G. Wright, ‘The Varieties of Coups d’Etat: Introducing the Colpus Dataset’, InternationalStudies Quarterly 65, no. 4 (2021), 1040–51.

34. Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, ‘Coup Traps: Why Does Africa have so many Coups d’Etat?’, working paper, Centre for the Studyof African Economies, August 2005, https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:49097086-8505-4eb2-8174-314ce1aa3ebb

35. Ibid.

36. See, for example, Clayton L. Thyne and Jonathan M. Powell, ‘Coup d’Etat or Coup d’Autocracy? How Coups ImpactDemocratization, 1950–2008’, Foreign Policy Analysis 12, no. 2 (2016), pp. 192–213.

37. Cited in Benjamin F. Jones and Benjamin A. Olken, ‘Do Assassins Really Change History?’, New York Times, 10 April 2015.

38. Benjamin F. Jones and Benjamin A. Olken, ‘Hit or Miss? The Effect of Assassinations on Institutions and War’, American EconomicJournal: Macroeconomics 1, no. 2 (2009), pp. 55–87 at p. 70.

39. Giuditta Fontana, Markus B. Siewert and Christalla Yakinthou, ‘Managing War-to-Peace Transitions after Intra-State Conflicts:Configurations of Successful Peace Processes’, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 15, no. 1 (2023), 25–47 at p. 25.

40. For a discussion of the risks of losing wars, see Andrea Kendall-Taylor and Erica Frantz, ‘Putin’s Forever War’, Foreign Affairs, 23March 2023, and Sarah E. Croco, ‘The Decider’s Dilemma: Leader Culpability, War Outcomes, and Domestic Punishment’, AmericanPolitical Science Review 105, no. 3 (2011), 457–77.

41. See Barbara F. Walter, ‘Conflict Relapse and the Sustainability of Post-Conflict Peace’, World Bank, World Development Report2011 Background Paper, 13 September 2010,https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/3633592d-58d0-5ed5-9394-aea81448f25c/content

42. The depiction of the attack is mostly based on ‘Burundi: The Gatumba Massacre’, Human Rights Watch, September 2004,https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/burundi0904.pdf

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid.

45. Zoeann Murphy, ‘ “He was Alive. They Burned Him”: Congolese Refugees Call for Long-overdue Justice’, Washington Post, 19September 2014.

46. ‘UN Demands Justice After Massacre of 150 Refugees in Burundi’, New York Times, 16 August 2004.

47. Agathon Rwasa, interview with author, 14 March 2023.

48. ‘Burundi: 15 Years On, No Justice for Gatumba Massacre’, Human Rights Watch, 13 August 2019,https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/13/burundi-15-years-no-justice-gatumba-massacre

49. Georges Ibrahim Tounkara, ‘Burundi: Ex-rebel Agathon Rwasa to Run for President’, Deutsche Welle, 17 February 2020,https://www.dw.com/en/burundi-ex-rebel-agathon-rwasa-to-run-for-president/a-52404700

50. Marielle Debos, Living by the Gun in Chad, Zed Books, 2016, p. 103.

51. ‘2003‒2011: The Iraq War’, Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.cfr.org/timeline/iraq-war

52. ‘L. Paul Bremer III’, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 26 September 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/L-Paul-Bremer-III

53. L. Paul Bremer, ‘Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 1’, Coalition Provisional Authority, 16 May 2003.

54. L. Paul Bremer, ‘Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 2’, Coalition Provisional Authority, 23 May 2003.

55. James P. Pfiffner, ‘US Blunders in Iraq: De-Baathification and Disbanding the Army’, Intelligence and National Security 25, no. 1(2010), 76–85 at p. 79.

56. Cited in ibid., p. 79.

57. Pfiffner, ‘US Blunders in Iraq’, at p. 76.

58. Bruce R. Pirnie and Edward O’Connell, Counterinsurgency in Iraq (2003–2006), RAND Corporation, 2008.

59. ‘The Gamble: Key Documents’, Washington Post, 7 February 2009.

60. Tom Bowman, ‘As the Iraq War Ends, Reassessing the US Surge’, National Public Radio, 16 December 2011,https://www.npr.org/2011/12/16/143832121/as-the-iraq-war-ends-reassessing-the-u-s-surge

61. Alexander B. Downes and Jonathan Monten, ‘Forced to be Free? Why Foreign-Imposed Regime Change Rarely Leads toDemocratization’, International Security 37, no. 4 (2013), 90–131 at p. 129.

62. For a discussion of intervening states’ motivations, see Jeffrey Pickering and Mark Peceny, ‘Forging Democracy at Gunpoint’,International Studies Quarterly 50, no. 3 (2006), 539–59.

63. Cited in Arthur M. Schlesinger, A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House, Houghton Mifflin, 1965, p. 769.

64. See Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and George W. Downs, ‘Intervention and Democracy’, International Organization 60, no. 3 (2006),627–49 at p. 632.

65. Downes and Monten, ‘Forced to Be Free?’, p. 94.

66. Ibid.

67. Andrea Kendall-Taylor and Erica Frantz, ‘When Dictators Die’, Foreign Policy, 10 September 2015.

68. Sarah J. Hummel, ‘Leader Age, Death and Political Reform in Dictatorships’, working paper, University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign, 12 December 2017, https://publish.illinois.edu/shummel/files/2017/12/LeaderDeath171106.pdf

69. For a discussion of the way tyrants can concentrate power in their hands, see Milan W. Svolik, The Politics of Authoritarian Rule,Cambridge University Press, 2012.

70. Jun Koga Sudduth and Curtis Bell, ‘The Rise Predicts the Fall: How the Method of Leader Entry Affects the Method of LeaderRemoval in Dictatorships’, International Studies Quarterly 62, no. 1 (2018), 145–59.

Chapter 9: How to Topple a Tyrant

1. Cited in David Hoffman, ‘Putin Faces a State of Disorder’, Washington Post, 3 January 2000.

2. ‘Guaido Versus Maduro: Who Backs Venezuela’s Two Presidents?’, Reuters, 24 January 2019.

3. Alan Riding, ‘US Leads Efforts to Oust Somoza and Lead Nicaragua to Democracy’, New York Times, 16 November 1978.

4. Mateo Cayetano Jarquin, ‘A Latin American Revolution: The Sandinistas, the Cold War, and Political Change in the Region,1977–1990’, doctoral dissertation, 2019, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, p. 74.

5. Jason Brownlee, ‘Hereditary Succession in Modern Autocracies’, World Politics 59, no. 4 (2007), 595–628 at p. 613.

6. The depiction of the NSO Group in Mexico is largely based on Natalie Kitroeff and Ronen Bergman, ‘How Mexico Became theBiggest User of the World’s Most Notorious Spy Tool’, New York Times, 18 April 2023.

7. Ronen Bergman and Mark Mazzetti, ‘The Battle for the World’s Most Powerful Cyberweapon’, New York Times Magazine, 28January 2022.

8. Ibid.

9. ‘The Persecution of Ahmed Mansoor’, Human Rights Watch, 27 January 2021,https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/01/27/persecution-ahmed-mansoor/how-united-arab-emirates-silenced-its-most-famous-human

10. Bergman and Mazzetti, ‘The Battle for the World’s Most Powerful Cyberweapon’.

11. Marcel Dirsus and David Landry, ‘Interview [with Agathe Demarais]: Sanctions’, Hundred, 21 November 2022,https://thehundred.substack.com/p/interview-sanctions

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Agathe Demarais, interview with author, 13 April 2023.

15. Abel Escribà-Folch and Joseph Wright, ‘Dealing with Tyranny: International Sanctions and the Survival of Authoritarian Rulers’,International Studies Quarterly 54, no. 2 (2010), 335–59 at p. 335.

16. Ibid., p. 341.

17. Ibid., p. 355.

18. Janis Kluge cited in Jeanne Wahlen and Catherine Belton, ‘Sanctions Haven’t Stopped Russia, But a New Oil Ban Could CutDeeper’, Washington Post, 15 February 2023.

19. The depiction of Bobi Wine’s arrest is mostly based on Abdi Latif Dahir, ‘Uganda’s Top Opposition Leader Says He is UnderHouse Arrest’, New York Times, 5 October 2023.

20. Ibid.

21. For more information on the Gambian opposition, see Jeffrey Smith, ‘Gambia’s Opposition Unites’, Foreign Affairs, 25November 2016.

22. See Yana Gorokhovaskaia and Isabel Linzer, ‘Defending Democracy in Exile’, Freedom House, June 2022, p. 4,https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/Complete_TransnationalRepressionReport2022_NEW_0.pdf

23. Rory Cormac, ‘So you could argue that . . .’, Twitter (renamed ‘X’), 7 March 2023,https://x.com/RoryCormac/status/1633147729114193923?s=20

24. See Milan W. Svolik, The Politics of Authoritarian Rule, Cambridge University Press, 2012.

25. ‘Shareholder Structure’, Volkswagen Group, 31 December 2022,https://www.volkswagen-group.com/en/shareholder-structure-15951

26. Roshan Goswami, ‘Lucid, Activision, EA, Uber: Here’s Where Saudi Arabia’s Sovereign Wealth Fund Has Invested’, CNBC, 11July 2023, https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/11/activision-ea-uber-heres-where-saudi-arabias-pif-has-invested.html

27. The portrayal of ZunZuneo here is mostly based on an Associated Press article, ‘US Secretly Created “Cuban Twitter” to StirUnrest and Undermine Government’, Guardian, 3 April 2014.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid.

30. Associated Press, ‘US Aid Chief Faces Questions Over “Cuban Twitter” ’, Guardian, 8 April 2014.

31. ‘Sputnik and the Space Race’, National Archives, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library,https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/sputnik-and-space-race

32. Amy Ryan and Gary Keeley, ‘Intelligence Success or Failure?’, Studies in Intelligence 61, no. 3 (2017), extracts.

33. See, for example, Christopher Ingraham, ‘Satellite Data Strongly Suggests that China, Russia and Other Authoritarian Countries AreFudging Their GDP Reports’, Washington Post, 15 May 2018.

34. Andrew Natsios, ‘Don’t Play Politics with Hunger’, Washington Post, 9 February 1997, cited in Emma Campbell, ‘Famine inNorth Korea: humanitarian policy in the late 1990s’, Overseas Development Institute, HPG Working Paper, December 2015, p. 6,https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/10213.pdf

35. Campbell, ‘Famine in North Korea’, p. 6.

36. Ibid., p. 8.

37. Ibid., p. 5.

38. Susan Ratcliffe (ed.), Oxford Essential Quotations, Oxford University Press, 2016,https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191826719.001.0001/q-oro-ed4-00018657

39. Cited in David Rothkopf, ‘Why It’s Too Early to Tell How History Will Judge the Iran and Greece Deals’, Foreign Policy, 14 July2015.

40. Ratcliffe, Oxford Essential Quotations.

OceanofPDF.com

Ready for your next read?

Join BookDrop and get the best e-book offers, available for a limited time only, on authors you’ll love direct to your inbox. Discover newfavourites and great hand-picked offers across a host of genres, tailored to you by our team of expert publishers. Whatever you’re in themood for, we’ve got you covered.

Join today at bookdropdeals.com

Or follow us on social:

   /Bookdropdeals

@Bookdropdeals

OceanofPDF.com